Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 仲

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhòng

Preclassic Old Chinese: druŋs

Classic Old Chinese: druŋh

Western Han Chinese: ḍǝuŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ḍǝuŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ḍɨùŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ḍùŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ḍùŋ

Middle Chinese: ḍǜŋ

English meaning : the middle, second (of three or more)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) внутри; средний; средний месяц сезона; второй (из трех); 2) Чжун (фамилия)

Comments: Obviously related to 中 *truŋ 'middle' q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2628

Karlgren code: 1007 f-i

Shijing occurrences: 28.4, 31.2

Character: 件

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: granʔ

Classic Old Chinese: grán

Western Han Chinese: grán

Eastern Han Chinese: grán

Early Postclassic Chinese: gén

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gén

Late Postclassic Chinese: gén

Middle Chinese: gén

English meaning : part, thing, object [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) предмет, вещь; 2) счетный суффикс вещей, дел, платья

Comments: For *g- cf. Min forms: Xiamen kiã⁶, Chaozhou kĩã⁴, Jianou kiŋ⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2471

Jianchuan Bai: khõ4

Dali Bai: khou4

Bijiang Bai: khü̃4

Character: 任

Modern (Beijing) reading: rèn rén

Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝm nǝms (~ -im)

Classic Old Chinese: nǝm

Western Han Chinese: nǝm

Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝm

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńim

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńim

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńim

Middle Chinese: ńim ńìm

English meaning : to carry on the shoulder; load

Russian meaning[s]: 1) служба, долг, обязанность, задача; 2) должность; 3) назначить; уполномочить; 4) попустительствовать; пусть себе...; пускай...; 5) любой; какой угодно; 6) доверять; [rén] 1) ноша, поклажа; нести ношу; 2) переносить, стерпеть, вынести; справиться; 3) искренний, откровенный; 4) Жэнь (фамилия)

Comments: Also read *nǝm-s (-im-s), MC ńìm (FQ 汝鴆), Mand. rèn (hence also Viet. nhậm, standard Sino-Viet. nhiệm) 'burden (of office), responsibility; to burden, charge (with responsibility)'. The character is used as well for OC *nǝmʔ (~-imʔ), MC ńím, Mand. rěn 'be flexible, insinuating, artful'. For OC *n- cf. the Min readings (for *ńìm): Xiamen ʒim⁶, Chaozhou im⁴, Fuzhou eŋ⁶, Jianou iŋ⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 290

Karlgren code: 0667 f-h

Vietnamese reading: nhậm

Shijing occurrences: 28.4

Character: 仰

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǎng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋaŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ŋáŋ

Western Han Chinese: ŋáŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋáŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋáŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋáŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋáŋ

Middle Chinese: ŋáŋ

English meaning : to look up

Russian meaning[s]: 1) смотреть вверх; вверх; запрокинуть голову; выпить, принять (лекарство); 2) уважать; смотреть с надеждой; 3) офиц. надеюсь, что Вы...; предлагаю Вам; 4) опираться (полагаться, рассчитывать) на...; 5) Ян (фамилия)

Comments: See ご, 昂. For *ŋ- cf. Xiamen giɔŋ³, Chaozhou ŋiaŋ³, Fuzhou ŋioŋ³, Jianou ŋiɔŋ³.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2112

Karlgren code: 0699 c

Go-on: gau

Kan-on: giyau

Japanese reading: gyō;kō;ao;ōse

Vietnamese reading: ngũ'o'ng

Character: 仳

Modern (Beijing) reading: pǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: phijʔ

Classic Old Chinese: phíj

Western Han Chinese: phjǝ́j

Eastern Han Chinese: phjǝ́j

Early Postclassic Chinese: phjíj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phjíj

Late Postclassic Chinese: phjí

Middle Chinese: phjí

English meaning : be separated

Russian meaning[s]: разлучиться, расстаться

Comments: Also read *bhijʔ, MC bjí id.; later also *b(h)ij, MC bji 'ugly'.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 6925

Karlgren code: 0566 s

Character: 份

Modern (Beijing) reading: fèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: prǝn

Classic Old Chinese: prǝn

Western Han Chinese: prǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: prǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: pin

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pin

Late Postclassic Chinese: pin

Middle Chinese: pin

English meaning : of equal quality or quantity [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) часть, доля, пай; доза; порция; 2) экземпляр (книги, документа); 3) жребий, удел; [fēn] вм. 分

Comments: A later MC reading is bǜn.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 4194

Karlgren code: 0471 u

Character: 企

Modern (Beijing) reading: qǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: kheʔ

Classic Old Chinese: khé

Western Han Chinese: khé

Eastern Han Chinese: khjé

Early Postclassic Chinese: khjé

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khjé

Late Postclassic Chinese: khjé

Middle Chinese: khjé

English meaning : to stand on tiptoe [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стать на носки (на цыпочки); 2) с надеждой смотреть, чаять, надеяться; желать; 3) ждать с нетерпением

Comments: Also read *kheʔ-s, MC khjè id.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 477

Karlgren code: 0862 a

Character: 伋

Modern (Beijing) reading: jí

Russian meaning[s]: Цзи (фамилия)

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 6351

Character: 光

Modern (Beijing) reading: guāng

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷāŋ

Classic Old Chinese: kwāŋ

Western Han Chinese: kwāŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: kwāŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwāŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwāŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwāŋ

Middle Chinese: kwâŋ

English meaning : be bright, glorious; light, brightness, glory

Russian meaning[s]: 1) свет; ясный, светлый; излучение, сияние; блестящий, гладкий; 2) слава, блеск; блестящий, славный; 3) добро, милость, снисхождение; вежл. Ваша милость; Ваш; 4) дочиста, без остатка; 5) нагой; обнажить, выставить напоказ; 6) только; 7) Гуан (фамилия)

Comments: Also read *kʷāŋ-s, MC kwầŋ, Mand. guàng 'be extensive' (probably < *kʷāŋʔ-s, cf. 廣). Schüssler prefers to read it as *kʷāŋ with level tone, but Karlgren seems to be right in distinguishing it phonetically from *kʷāŋ 'be bright' (a level-tone rhyme for *kʷāŋs > EZ *kʷāŋh is quite normal). Viet. quáng 'to dazzle, blind' is a colloquial loan (reflecting an unattested *kʷāŋ-s > MC *kwầŋ 'be bright, dazzle' ?); standard Sino-Viet. is quang.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7333

Karlgren code: 0706 a-e

Vietnamese reading: quáng

Jianchuan Bai: kuã1-

Dali Bai: kua6-

Bijiang Bai: qã1-, kuã1-

Character: 兇

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: sŋoŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Western Han Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Middle Chinese: xöuŋ

English meaning : to fear [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) жестокий, злой; злодей; 2) запугивать, угрожать

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7359

Karlgren code: 1183 b

Character: 兆

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhào

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łhewʔ (~ -a-)

Classic Old Chinese: Łhéw

Western Han Chinese: Łhjáw

Eastern Han Chinese: lhjáw

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhjéw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhjéw

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhjéw

Middle Chinese: ḍéw

English meaning : (perhaps:) a million

Russian meaning[s]: 1) предвестье, признак; предсказание; гадание; 2) миллион; сто миллионов; мириады, великое множество; 3) Чжао (фамилия)

Comments: The basic reading of the character is a homonymous *Łhewʔ (~-a-) 'omen, picture of cracks on oracle bone'; it is attested, however, only since Late Zhou.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7516

Karlgren code: 1145 a

Vietnamese reading: triệu

Character: 先

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiān

Preclassic Old Chinese: sǝ̄r

Classic Old Chinese: sǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: sǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: sǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: sien

English meaning : to go in front, go ahead; before, former

Russian meaning[s]: 1) прежний; давний; прежде, раньше; впереди; предшествующий; предыдущий; послелог в обстоятельствах времени до, перед тем, как, вм. 前; 2) предшественники; предки; скончавшийся, покойный; 3) заблаговременно, предварительно, заранее; накануне, перед; раньше всех; опередить, сделать заранее; 4) господин, вм. 先生; 5) cокр. шиллинг; 6) 1-е число (в телеграммах); 7) Сянь (фамилия)

Comments: Also read *sǝ̄r-s, MC sìen (FQ 蘇佃) id. In OC the word must have been homonymous with 西 *sǝ̄r 'west' (MC siej in the latter case must be a dialectal development) q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7345

Karlgren code: 0478 a-e

Shijing occurrences: 28.4

Character: 全

Modern (Beijing) reading: quán

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hon

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhwan

Western Han Chinese: ʒhwan

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhjwan

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjwen

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjwen

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjwen

Middle Chinese: ʒjwen

English meaning : complete, all, to complete [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) весь, целый; все-; обще-; 2) полностью; все, целиком; совершенно; 3) защитить; сохранить в целости; охранять; обеспечить; 4) обеспеченность; безопасность; 5) быть совершенно очевидным; 6) Цюань (фамилия)

Comments: For aspiration cf. Chaozhou chueŋ², Longdu chian², Jianou chüiŋ⁹.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 334

Karlgren code: 0234 a

Vietnamese reading: toàn

Character: 共

Modern (Beijing) reading: gòng

Preclassic Old Chinese: goŋs

Classic Old Chinese: goŋh

Western Han Chinese: goŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: goŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: gòŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gòŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: gòŋ

Middle Chinese: gö̀uŋ

English meaning : all together

Russian meaning[s]: 1) совместно, сообща; общими силами; 2) в общем итоге; итого; всего; 3) сокр. компартия; коммунизм; коммунистический; [gōng] 1) почтительно, вм. 恭; 2) давать, снабжать, вм. 供; 3) сообща участвовать в...

Comments: Also read OC *koŋʔ, MC kö́uŋ, Mand. gǒng 'the gong jade, a bi-like jade (i.e. round with hole)'. Another Viet. loan from the same source must be Viet. cùng 'together' (perhaps, also, with a further semantic shift - cũng 'also, too' ?). For *g cf. Xiamen kiɔŋ⁶, Chaozhou kaŋ⁶, Fuzhou köüŋ⁶, Jianou koŋ⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 7847

Karlgren code: 1182 c-d

Vietnamese reading: cộng

Character: 再

Modern (Beijing) reading: zài

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćǝ̄s

Classic Old Chinese: cǝ̄h

Western Han Chinese: cǝ̄h

Eastern Han Chinese: cǝ̄h

Early Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: cʌ̀j

English meaning : twice; again, and again

Russian meaning[s]: 1) снова, еще раз; вторично, опять; повторно; 2) затем, потом; после чего, после этого; в дальнейшем; 3) еще (со сравнительной степенью); 4) префикс повторного действия, соответствующий приставкам пере-, ре-

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 4022

Karlgren code: 0941 a-c

Jianchuan Bai: ce6

Dali Bai: ce6

Bijiang Bai: ṭi2

Character: 冰

Modern (Beijing) reading: bīng

Preclassic Old Chinese: prǝŋ

Classic Old Chinese: prǝŋ

Western Han Chinese: prǝŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: prǝŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: piŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: piŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: piŋ

Middle Chinese: piŋ

English meaning : ice

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лед; ледяной; ледовитый; мороз; холод; морозить; замерзать; замороженный; 2) чистый, непорочный; [níng] замерзать, застывать, вм. 凝

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 15

Four-angle index: 5503

Karlgren code: 0899 a-c

Shijing occurrences: 34.3

Character: 列

Modern (Beijing) reading: liè

Preclassic Old Chinese: rhat

Classic Old Chinese: rhat

Western Han Chinese: rhat

Eastern Han Chinese: rhat

Early Postclassic Chinese: lhet

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lhet

Late Postclassic Chinese: lhet

Middle Chinese: let

English meaning : row, rank, order

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ряд, шеренга; строй; ставить в ряд; располагать по порядку; перечислять; 2) отделять; 3) префикс собирательности или множественности; 4) сокр. Ленин; ленинский; 5) Ле (фамилия)

Comments: For *rh- cf. Jianou lie⁷.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2865

Karlgren code: 0291 a

Vietnamese reading: liệt

Character: 刑

Modern (Beijing) reading: xíng

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)īŋ

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)īŋ

Western Han Chinese: gīŋ (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gīŋ (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gīŋ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gīŋ (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gīŋ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣieŋ

English meaning : model, example; be a model, an example; imitate; punishment

Russian meaning[s]: 1) казнь; пытка; наказание; казнить; орудия казни (пытки); 2) уголовный; уголовное право, уголовный кодекс

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2836

Karlgren code: 0808 b-c

Vietnamese reading: hình

Character: 划

Modern (Beijing) reading: huá

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ʷrāj

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)wrāj

Western Han Chinese: gwrāj (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gwrǟ (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gwạ̈̄ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gwạ̈̄ (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gwạ̈̄ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣwạ

English meaning : to punt (a boat) [L.Zhou]

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0007 e

Character: 刎

Modern (Beijing) reading: wěn

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)ǝnʔ

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)ǝ́n

Western Han Chinese: m(h)ǝ́n

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)wǝ́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ́n

Middle Chinese: mǘn

English meaning : cut the throat [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: перерезать горло, покончить жизнь самоубийством

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2874

Karlgren code: 0503 n